Astana
19,543,464
Kazakh
$66.132 billion
China 13%, Italy 12%, Russia 10%, Netherlands 7%, France 6%, South Korea 5% (2019)
crude petroleum, gold, copper, iron alloys, natural gas (2021)
$49.196 billion
Russia 34%, China 24% (2019)
packaged medicines, natural gas, cars, broadcasting equipment, aircraft (2019)